Police Memorial essays

Police Memorial expositions All through Battery Park, in downtown New York City, the figure I saw as most interesting is the New York City Police Memorial, by Stuart B. Crawford. Commemorations and landmarks make strong, more profound importance to the general population. This is on the grounds that commemorations contain certain data, which is obvious to the watchers. This New York Police Memorial fills in as a steady token of the officials who have past away serving the individuals of the city. The feeling that this piece emanates is altogether different contrasted with models by Alexander Calder or Ned Smyths The Upper Room which along these lines produce an alternate sort of collaboration of the crowd and the piece. In my examination, I will have an all around considered contention on the responses of the general population to works of open workmanship. I will disk how the Police Memorials authentic foundation and how it was created. I will moreover give a conventional portrayal of the Memorial and how the work capacities. At the point when a craftsman shows a masterpiece in an open spot the individual in question must think about a wide range of viewpoints before making the structure. The level of cooperation that may happen between people in general and crafted by workmanship is very much idea out by the specialists. The craftsman thinks about what the piece is depicting and the reason for making workmanship. Simultaneously, various sorts of individuals are pulled in to workmanship in various ways. For this situation, watchers are either interested by the work, helped to remember the expired, showed a thing or two or just appreciate crafted by craftsmanship. The response of this piece by the open ranges significantly, I witness individuals associating with the work to have their lunch or perused a book, just as individuals strolling by it without seeing it. Dedications are intended to work as a consistent token of the individuals that served the country somehow or another and who have kicked the bucket at the same time. This is similar to burial grounds such that it is for individuals to recall the ones that died. Mon... <!

Premature Specialization in Medicine

A clinical specialist in today†s world is taught and prepared in a customary way that tries to guarantee the prosperity of their patients. Rehearsing medication requires a solid science foundation and thorough preparing; it is in light of a legitimate concern for customers and clinical sheets over the world to guarantee this. Consequently, training in the science field is critical, even at the undergrad level. Being a specialist isn't only an occupation, nor is it exclusively a profession. The clinical calling is soaked with hazard, for both the patient just as the specialist. Specialists need early specialization in their training so as to gain the aptitudes important to deal with sensitive circumstances that happen every day. Misbehavior must reach a conclusion. The instruction that a specialist gets is a device that the person will utilize as long as they can remember, (dissimilar to an individual who studied something in opposition to what their field of work is). A doctor†s experience is an indispensable instrument. Clinical ability is an interest for certain rehearsing systems and ought to be paid attention to. Realizing the lawful framework requires a specialist to have a decent measure of experience can facilitate the worries of family and friends and family, and furthermore offers certainty to a specialist that the person can do their work effectively. With the goal for specialists to get the best understanding and instruction required, preparing must occur at an early stage in training. A plenitude of science courses in school is a decent begin to get ready for clinical school. Despite the fact that clinical schools may cover the material that is offered in undergrad science and science courses, rehash presentation to the material must be helpful to the understudy. The more experience that an understudy has in science and related subjects at last helps the future specialist over the long haul. To guarantee the degree of development of a specialist, it is important to instruct them on a wide level. As per Thomas, English, History, the writing of at any rate two unknown dialects, and reasoning should draw close to the highest priority on the rundown, just underneath Classics, as fundamental prerequisites, and candidates for clinical school ought to be informed that their evaluations in these courses will more than anything. (Thomas 115) Instructing premed understudies in these courses is significant, yet science is the most huge part in an undergrad program. It requires thought and practice just as research, which are on the whole crucial keys to being a specialist. In the event that a MD were confirmed with minimal measure of experience permitted in the science field as could reasonably be expected, misbehavior could be normal. Then again realizing two unknown dialects isn't essential to ones life. Truth be told, if a patient communicates in another dialect interpreters can be gotten to fit certain necessities. Specialists that attention on science and wellbeing are accomplishing what the calling requires. Understanding science to its full limit should be the objective for premeds and clinical understudies. To guarantee the well admission of a patient, over accomplishment of science courses is essential. Taking a gander at the clinical instructive arrangement that is available in today†s Universities, premed understudies take a stab at science and set forth the push to make these classes their main need. As indicated by Thomas, † If there are any courses in the humanities that can be taken without hazard to class standing they will arrange for these, yet they won't get in to anything extreme aside from science.† (Thomas 114) Comprehending science can be hard and elating, understudies should scatter these courses while keeping up a degree of comprehension of different fields, however it is not kidding to make center around science. Any understudy in the undergrad level keeping up a passing mark point normal while taking 300, and 400 level science classes is headed for progress. The hazard factor for a specialist rehearsing medication that has altogether been instructed and has finished all vital science classes, regardless of whether it be untimely specialization or courses in clinical school, will at last be a sheltered specialist and will make an increasingly secure climate in the field.

Using Compare and Contrast Essay Samples to Write Better Essays

Using Compare and Contrast Essay Samples to Write Better EssaysThere are many options when it comes to writing a contrast essay. Sometimes you might be lucky enough to have the chance to try writing a campare or a writing comparison essay but if this is not an option for you then it is advisable to use contrast essay samples.When looking for essay samples on the internet, make sure that you take your time when selecting the one that suits your needs best. This does not mean that you should only choose the first sample that you come across. You have to bear in mind that this could lead to a situation where you end up with essays that will not fit your requirements.Compare and contrast essay samples provide you with different samples of essays that can easily be adapted into your needs. Once you have chosen the one that you are comfortable with, you can either pick one or both that are suited to the task at hand.This can be done by studying the essays carefully to get a feel of how the writer uses his or her sentences. Also, make sure that you have the ability to adapt and modify the essay as needed so that you will have an essay that is completely different from the original. The purpose is to make sure that the essay that you will be submitting is original and unique.The main reason why you need to learn to write essay samples on your own is because this will give you the opportunity to test your skills and abilities without any influence from a person who is giving you a hard time. You do not have to follow their idea of the perfect essay because there are a lot of them on the internet that can help you learn to express yourself better.So the best thing to do when looking for compare and contrast essay samples is to pick a sample of essays that you think you can adapt. You should also pick one that can be easily read by other people and if possible, get feedback from people who will be reading it. This is the best way to get a feel of how the other person writ es and what he or she expects from you.Remember that essays are not meant to be handed in a day. You can easily hand in a sample essay on the first try and the person who read it will then give you feedback that will help you fix the mistakes. By doing this, you will also be able to write better and smoother essays.So, you will find some compare and contrast essay samples on the internet. You just have to select one and try it out so that you will know what you need to do to give your essay the final touches. This way, you will be able to write good essays more consistently and with less hassles.

Annotated Bibliography for Samsungs Outlook Essay

Khan, Sarfaraz A. â€Å"Samsung Is Better Positioned For Long Term Growth Than Apple† Gurufocus. Gurufocus, 28 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Feb 2014. This web article source explains how Samsung is going to be a better long term growth than Apple. The technology fanatics will be informed on how Samsung is going to improve with their conditions and line of work. The way they are doing this is by coming out with new products and switching their focus from hardware to software. By doing so, people that are into technology are going to be more interested in the products. This will provide my claim that Samsung is better by giving information on the interesting features they plan to provide in the future. Tappin, Steve. â€Å"Apple vs. Samsung: Who Will Win?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Jones, Chuck. â€Å"Apple Vs. Samsung: Who Could Win The Smartphone War?† Forbes. Forbes.com LLC, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 24 Feb 2014. In Chuck Jones web article, he notes a counter argument part which will be useful to my essay. Through statistics, Apple users are less likely to switch to Samsung product than Samsung users switching to Apple. This information will give the reader a wider perspective on which company to side with; not only am I encouraging my audience to think about the benefits of using Samsung products, I also giving them the option to have another outlook on their preference. Bilton, Nick. â€Å"Smartphone Sales Beat Feature Phone in 2013.† New York Times 13 Feb. 2014, no ed. Bits. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. In this newspaper article, Nick claims that Samsung is leading in sales during the fourth quarter of 2013. The evidence that supports his claim is that Samsung are selling more inexpensive smartphones than Apple. This can make customers more financially friendly towards the Samsung’s smartphone. I am using this article because the author provided information on how Samsung is getting more sales than Apple. This shows that Samsung is getting better day by day. Chen, Brian. â€Å"Smartphone Unveils Galaxy S5 and Gear Fit, With a Focus on Simplicity† New York Times 24 Feb. 2014, no ed.: B2. Bits. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. In this article from the New York Times newspaper, the writer claims that Samsung’s new line products are going to improve. He quoted

Pursuing My Degree Online Education - 1519 Words

Introduction As the last week of the Adult Studies Introduction course draws to a close, I am left with a sense of accomplishment, confidence and, a wealth of new discoveries. This course has not only helped ease my fears about pursuing my degree online but has provided me with the support I needed to make the journey a success. According to the report prepared in 2007 for the U.S.Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Office of Policy Development and Research by Jobs for the Future, it stated: Adult learners face significantly different challenges to completing an education program than students who enroll in college immediately after high school, depend on their parents financially, and work part time or less while in school. A 1998 study by Mathematica Policy Research found four consistent and powerful barriers to further education for working adults (Silva et al. 1998): †¢ The lack of time to pursue education; †¢ Family responsibilities; †¢ The scheduling of course time and place; and †¢ The cost of educational courses. These obstacles pose challenges to both access to college credential programs and to persistence and success, particularly for students who work full time and attend college part time. (Kazis et al., 2007, p. 15) With this in mind, when we take a closer look at the course description, we can see that the INT course systematically discusses and addresses each of these obstacles, helping the student either develop an effective strategyShow MoreRelatedMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesMaking a decision for a higher education can be challenging.   But, understanding the ROR (return on investment) can be an influencing factor to a good decision in pursuing a higher education.   An economic evaluation displays an ROI (return on investment) for an analysis.   An economic evaluation that broadly considers how to optimize the production of particular outcomes within budgetary constraints, given certain inputs, can guide such choices (Hummel-Rossi Ashdown, 2002).   However, there mustRead MoreMasters prepared nurse interview Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesoverall improved health care system. 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I have to â€Å"practice what I preach.† I would also love to pursue my dream of becoming an Educator and not feel like I failed at earning my degree. PURPOSE: What is my main purpose in seeking a college degree? My main purposeRead MoreGraduation Speech : Becoming A College1181 Words   |  5 Pagesschools that now offer bachelor s degree programs targeted toward working adults like myself. People frequently enroll in career colleges to acquire new skills or enhance their knowledge. Career colleges offer vocational training programs, such as nursing, beauty, auto repair, electronics, and engineering. Through my research I found that increasing numbers of working professionals are enrolling in school to learn the skills necessary to earn a college degree or take their current career to theRead MoreCareer Goals and Learning Paper1084 Words   |  5 PagesEnslin Individual Career Goals and Learning Plan Paper My career plans and how I was going to achieve them was something that I have always thought about before I enrolled in school at the University of Phoenix. I have my Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Rehabilitation Services grom Southern University, and I decided to return to school to pursue my Master’s of Science Degree in Psychology at the University of Phoenix. My plan is to become a counselor, whether it is a rehabilitation counselor

The Positive and Negative Aspects of Video Games in Society

In our modern society, we rely on varieties of entertainment in order to satisfy our need for enjoyment. One type of entertainment, which is currently becoming more prominent in our culture is video games. As it is becoming more prominent, it is also evolving throughout the years. Video games now are becoming more complex and influential in our society. People can use this type of entertainment was a way to relieve stress or a way to socialize with others online. Video games is almost available everywhere, from video consoles to cell phones, most Americans have played a video game before. The American myth is that Americans mostly view video games as a way to pass time, but they never see pass it to notice the influence and impacts it have†¦show more content†¦In our culture today, younger children are becoming more and more exposed to profanity and violence compared to children from decades ago. In addition, there are cases where players are becoming addicted to video games . Gamers will ignore everything, such as academics for video games. Video game addiction is similar to other types of addiction in which is affects their own well-being. There are cases where people suggest to ban certain video games or the enforcement of identification check with the purchase of mature games, but with these suggestions were never really enforced at all. Even though there are health concerns and exposure of violence in playing video games, most Americans ignore these issues and view it as if video games are just for entertainment. American society have their own beliefs and culture which causes most Americans to believe that video games have no impact in our culture and society. Video game culture has similar gender issues similar to past American society. Video games are usually viewed as something a male would do instead of a female. Video game industries focuses mostly on their target audience, which is male. Games such as first person shooters, action and advent ure are tailored for the male audience. While the demographics for female gamers is not as significant as male gamers, it is slowly increasing. Females in video games face prejudice andShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Its Effects On Society1632 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology is a large part of modern society, especially in industrial society. Depending on who you ask, people are either in favour of the advancement in technology or some are against its progression arguing that people have become too reliant. Cellphones are one of the main forms of technology that people talk about most, questioning whether they are a good thing or bad. Many people are also concerned with the advancement in video games, worrying that video games are the cause of crime and violenceRead MoreThe Impact of Technology1443 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology, mainly computers and video games, have made a vast difference in our society. 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According to a survey conducted by Gallagher, 58% of Americans play video games and 43% of game players believe that computer and video games give them the most value for their money, compared with DVDs, music or going out to the movies (2-3). However, in the past few decades there has been debate over the positive and negative effectsRead MoreVideo Games : A Good Thing For Children991 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Games The act of video games for children have been a controversy in today s society for a very long time. One half of the argument believes video games is a positive act and the other half of the argument believes that video games is a negative act. Both parties have significant data backing up their own personal believes. There has been many studies done around the topic of children playing video games trying to conclude which side of the argument is correct which is very hard to do. Some

Measuring Performance and Benchmarking †Free Samples to Samples

Question: Discuss about the Measuring Performance and Benchmarking. Answer: Introduction: The term analysis of the cost efficient is an alternative which is used in order to conduct a cost benefit analysis. This is the method which compares all of the relative costs to the outcomes and the effects when there are two or more than two courses of action (Better evaluation, 2017). The term cost effectiveness comprises of the two terms effectiveness and efficiency. This shows the relationship between inputs, outputs and outcomes. There are many of the strategic outcomes along with the impacts which are most important. When these are measured along with the cost effectiveness of the outputs, then the impact would be the measurements which would equip the management with a better picture of the performance of the company. This is the impact which measures in the gauge which shows an increased direct effect of the various activities and the services of a company. The cost effectiveness is all about the relationship which exists between the investments, which is the input of the dollars and the resources which is the results or the impact or the outcomes that has been achieved. There are many of the companies that carry out an internal assessment of the cost effectiveness in order to make the decisions, allocate the internal budgets and also develop the initiatives connected with the improvement in the performance. Thor which ere could be some of the examples that may be included in the annual reports, in the statement of intent or the forecasting of SSPs (OAG, 2017). The main components of an effective system of performance measurement is the defining of the clear, actionable and the measurable goals that would originate from the overall objectives of the company and its alignment with the management and the program levels. Further, the various performance measures could also help in measurement of the way in which the well mission, management, program goals have bene met. Further, there must be an establishment of the baselines form which the progress could be attained of the goals that could be measured. There should also be an accurate, repeatable and a verifiable data. There must also be a feedback system for supporting a continuous improvement of the various process, practices and the results of the organisation. This would help in improvement of the cost effectiveness and also would help in performance measurement (NAP, 2017). References: Anon, (2017).Measuring Performance and Benchmarking Project Management at the Department of Energy. [online] Available at: https://www.nap.edu/read/11344/chapter/4 [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Betterevaluation.org. (2017).Cost Effectiveness Analysis | Better Evaluation. [online] Available at: https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/evaluation-options/CostEffectivenessAnalysis [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Oag.govt.nz. (2017).Part 4: Measuring and reporting impacts, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. [online] Available at: https://www.oag.govt.nz/2011/improving-annual-reports/part4.htm [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017].

Sample Company Profile Gun Store free essay sample

Company profile In every shot, there is power factor! Take a shot with us! Power Factor Guns and Ammo Store is a private company categorized under guns and gunsmith. We aim to ensure optimum customer satisfaction by providing them precision products and outstanding services. Through this, we are building long-term relationship with our clients. We envision ourselves to be the leading distributor in the industry of sales and merchandising of guns and ammunition products. We continue to provide excellent and high quality firearms, ammunition, gun accessories and general weaponry, since our establishment in 2011. We offer wide range of services from licensing to legal processing of permit relating to gun acquisition and carriage. Our main office is located in Rodriguez Montalban, Rizal. We operate sales around the country, focusing in the area of Ilocos Region, La Union, Rizal and Metro Manila. Ultimately, we want our customers to be empowered. We cater to clients from all walks of life, from the high-ranking officials of our country’s national police, finest professional shooters in gun firing competitions around the country , down to the ordinary citizens who want to feel security and comfort right in their own hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Company Profile Gun Store or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page WE GIVE YOU POWER FACTOR! By security, we mean not only the protection of oneself and family. It also includes our customers’ general well-being by equipping them guns and ammunition with 100% dependability and safety assurance. By comfort, we mean not only fun and excitement brought by participating in gun shooting competitions, may it be just a hobby or expertise. Our endeavour is to unite our customers and strengthen gun firing as a sports by creating a healthy community of people who have passion in it. We are working with the leading firearms manufacturer in Southeast Asia which is Armscor. We are also affiliated to (list other notable affiliations and organization and awards if any). We aspire to . (end note) #!

A Tale Of 2 Citys Essays - Literature, English-language Films, Film

A Tale Of 2 Citys Essays - Literature, English-language Films, Film A Tale Of 2 Citys THE NEW AMERICAN, INC. Published in the year 1960 354 PAGES Guillermo Chiu Social Studies Period / G Summary of Novel A Tale of Two Cities is written by Charles Dickens and it takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. The characters travels to both country but most of the story happens in Paris, France. The hot spot of the French revolutionists, mostly takes place in a wineshop in Paris, because the wineshop owner is Ernest Defarge and his wife, Madame Defarge are the key leaders and officials of the revolution. The action in the book takes place in many parts of Paris, such as the Bastille, Tellsons Bank, the home of the Manettes and largely in the streets of Paris. This places help introduce many characters into the story. One of the main characters, Madame Theresa Defrage, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge. She is a very tense and unforgiving woman who seeks revenge on the Evermonde family. Through out the story, she weave shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes fall back to cobbling shoes, he plays a very significant part in the story. His daughter , Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay. She is a quiet, emotional person and discriminating protagonist in the story. One who never forgot the love of Lucie, was Sydney Carton, who starts off as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, he made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. This are the characters that gives the interesting and dramatic plot to the story. Carton was deeply in love with Lucie and is always telling her that he loves her so much that he would do anything for her but Lucie ends up marring Darnay, a few days after their marriage when they were on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a fall back and cobbles shoes for nine straight days. Frances citizens arm themselves for a revolutoin led by the Defarges and starts the revolution by riding to Bastille. Shortly before they start the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the street of Paris. The childs father, Gaspard who is part of the revolution murders Marquis. Three years later Darnay is called back to Paris to help his friend Gabelle, when Darnay was walking on the street of Paris he got arrested for being an enemy of the country. Lucie and her father Dr. Manette goes to Paris to see if they can be of any help to Darnay. Darnay is release from prison but the same day he is re-arrested on charges set forth by the Defrages and one other unknown person. The next day Darnay sent to trial and is convicted and sentence to death. Here is when the heroe comes and with spy contacts finds out in which prison he is encarcelated, he goes and drugs Darnay, while Darnay was drug, Carton switches place with Darnay. Lucie, Charles Darnay and their daughter leaves Paris safely while Sydney Carton makes his final sacrifice and is taking to the guillotine in place of Darnay. Summary of the Standard Historical Source The French Revolution is a cataclysmic political and social upheaval, extending from 1789 to1799. The revolution resulted, among other things, in the overthrow of the Bourdon monarchy in France and in the establishment of the First Republic. It was generated by a vast complex of causes, the most important of which were the inability of the ruling classes of nobility, divine, and bourgeoisie to come to grips with the problems of the state, the indecisive nature of the monarch, extortionate taxation of the peasantry. Another cause was the accession of Louis XVI in 1774 which lasted for a century, the French government had undergone periodic economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV. The rebellion continued the challenge of royal decrees and the mutinous mood of the royal army forced the king to capitulate. On June 27 he ordered the refractory nobility and clergy to join the unicameral legislature, which then designated itself the National Constituent Assembly. Yielding to pressure from the queen and the dArtois. At the same time, Necker,

Analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild - Essay Example These privileges include a loving family, a college degree, a car that he adored as well as money worth $25,000 in his savings account (Krakauer 6). This spurs the question as to why and how would such a young man shut all contact with his parents and family, abandon his vehicle, give out all his money, and leave to spend the next two years as a lonely and homeless drifter. Prior to all this prestige, Chris abandons them, and ventures into the unknown world to look for the rare adventurous life without fully planning and preparing for it. This paper will specifically outline how the young man bearing the name Chris McCandless related with nature during his adventures especially in the wilderness and how the nature treated him back. Chris's McCandless relationship with nature as presented in the film Alaska has long been a magnet that attracts dreamers and misfits, and people who think that their miserable shortcomings will be patched up by wild adventure. Chris experienced the same i llusion because he believed that the wilderness was the best destination. McCandless saw the wilderness as a place free from modern society and its evils as well as a purer state where he could find his identity, and be completely free (Krakauer 13). However, it is not true that the real experience of day-to-day living in the wilderness is as real as Chris and others like him to imagine. The unreality of the wild escapades is shown by Chris’s relationship with nature, which turned out to be unpredictable because at one time the nature seemed very soothing while at other times the same nature was cruel. In the beginning of his adventure, nature attracted McCandless with rare relaxation when he came across natural thermal pools on the Alaskan Highway. Chris bathed in the soothing water and rested in this particular destination as he pondered his next move (Krakauer 27). On the third day, nature presented Chris with the unexpected by offering him a friend named Alex who too was attracted by the pool that had become Chris’s companion for the few days that Chris had remained in the pool next to the highway. However, nature’s reality began to bite as McCandless spent a lot of time trying to find food to keep his soul alive so that he had time to consciously appreciate the wilderness and its adventures as anticipated before. The lack of food depicts itself through his written journal which consists of lists of the food that he found and ate every day. For a period of six weeks, Chris feasted regularly on spruce grouse, squirrel, duck, goose, and porcupine. He survived by fate because he had to try all means to hunt in order to get food, and the hunting task in itself was a tedious experience that exhausted Chris (Krakauer 86). Prior to food and hunting, nature did not offer Chris the desired satisfaction because he walked for more than five hundred miles towards the tidewater, but later reconsidered his plans and came back to where he had spotted the bus and settled there. Surprisingly, Chris’s settlement was not for long because a few weeks later, he changed his mind and decided to go elsewhere. However, the unpredicted nature was at it again and Chris’s journey was cut short by the flooded river (Krakauer 245). He was a weak swimmer and all he could do was turn back to his unsatisfying environment, and unwillingly Chris had to obey nature by turning back to his bus that had become his home. The reason why Chris seems dissatisfied with nature is because he

Poverty and how it links to globalization (Africa) Research Paper

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Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay Introduction In the 1990s, China adopted western feminism and it influenced and rapidly raised the Chinese feminism concept. There were many themes of exhibition focused on female art and female artists, an example of this is the â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition†1 â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition† in 1998, the Frauen museum (Women’s Museum), Bonn, Germany â€Å"Ã¥ Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€šÅ -ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹å ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , é‚ ±Ã¨  Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ', Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥Å"‹æ ³ ¢Ã¦  ©Ã¥ © ¦Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ Å¡Ã§â€° ©Ã© ¤ ¨, Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ® ¶Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹, æ ¸ ¯Ã¥  °Ã¥ Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"å… ±Ã¨ ¨Ë†25ä º º. in 1998 and the â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition†2 â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition† in 1998, the China National Art Gallery, Beijing, China â€Å"ä ¸â€"ç ´â‚¬,Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ',ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ§  â€Ã§ © ¶Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œ,Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Å" °Ã¨ ³â€¡Ã§â€ ¢Ã§ ® ¡Ã§ â€ Ã¦Å"䎪 Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã¥  ¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ,Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã§  »Ã¥ ±â€¢(é™ ¶Ã¥â€™ Ã§â„¢ ½Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),èâ€" Ã¥â€œ Ã¥ ±â€¢(Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),Ã¥ ¤â€"Ã¥Å"˜å ±â€¢(ç ¾â€¦Ã© ºâ€"ä ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),ç‰ ¹Ã¥ ±â€¢(è ³Ë†Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' )四個éÆ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ .Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã¨ ¨ ­Ã§ «â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã§ Å½Ã©  â€¦:æâ€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ­ ¸Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã¥ £ ¬Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"Ã¥ ® ¤,劉è™ ¹,èâ€"݊ ¿ Ã§â€˜â€¢,æžâ€"Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨â€¹â€",æ ¢ Ã¦ ´ Ã© Ë†) æ‰ ¹Ã¨ ©â€¢Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ §Å"æ  °,Ã¥ ­ «Ã¨â€˜â€º,æžâ€"Ã¥ » ¶,æâ€"‡é ³ ³Ã¥â€žâ‚¬,æ Å½Ã¨â„¢ ¹) æ” ¶Ã¨â€" Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¤ Ã¤ ¿Å Ã¥ ¨Å",Ã¥ ¾ Ã¦Å¡ Ã§â€¡â€¢,Ã¥ ¼ µÃ¦ º «Ã¥ ¸â„¢,Ã¥ ­ «Ã© ¼Å½Ã§Å½â€°,Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹) in 1998. Only female artists could participate in this category of art exhibition. Although the exhibitions revealed the importance of women art in modern Chinese art, there was no specific description to define the quality of female art and female artists. From this it can be asked: What is Chinese female art and is it a category in the making of the modern and contemporary Chinese art? Contemporary Chinese art frequently referred to as avant-garde art, sustained to expand ever since the 1980’s as an improvement of contemporary, post-Cultural art developments. During this period, China opened the economic door to world and western influence poured into Chinese culture; bringing the concept of feminism in China. Furthermore, Chinese artist were also released from the control of extreme political condition, and female artists were set about to re-create their own image, contributing to a gradual awakening of women’s consciousness. Indeed, it is in this newly awakened consciousness that Chinese female art in contemporary world can be delineated. In this paper, I would like to discuss how three generation groups of female artists (1980s, 1990s, and overseas) present their works and how they express their female quality through those art pieces. Finally, I also would like to bring out the concept and definition of quality of female art in contemporary Chine se art. The ’85 New Wave Art’ movement brought about many young female artists who devoted themselves to approach the woman’s nature of body and also found new ways to present the attention on the female subject. Female artists alongside male artists, expressed their own attitudes towards contemporary China. In the beginning stages of this period, women artist paid little attention to their own expression through maintaining with the large scale influence and borrowing from modern western art. However, the nature of contemporary art developed so that the concept of women’s artistic consciousness started to emerge. After 1989, neo-expressionism brought new stage in China. Artists, both male and female, started to focus on the essence of human spirit and also emphasized on rational and critical concepts. Women’s consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists pursued to define the essence of women’s consciousness or confirm women’s consciousness itself. They promoted freedom from traditional male-dominated society and pursued women’s equal position with men. Many women art exhibitions were also held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention. Since the 1980s, not only local Chinese female artists came about to give rise to Chinese women’s art, but some overseas Chinese female artists also worked to this end. They created the works through different experiences and feelings in looking for the essence of women’s consciousness. These artists mostly left China after the Cultural Revolution, prior to the social changes in China. They have their unique ways to present their ideas and expressions, like looking back to Chinese history and pursuing the art essences that they need. With differences in personal backgrounds and generations, female artists in all these three groups have varying and unique ways in presenting their art through different content and influence. But to Chinese female artists, the intention is to express their female touch and feeling in a changing Chinese society in which the women’s gender role is constantly changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups share not only expressions and feelings based on their female sensitivity but also their observations to social concern. In the following sections, I choose three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the quality of female art through their works. Traditional female role in China Most literature focuses on Chinese culture and history with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women are missing in almost all fields. Chinese civilization’s culture and arts are male-dominated and male-oriented. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a society mirror man’s values and attitudes. Women were always portrayed as objects of observation by men. Moreover, according to I-Jing, â€Å"women are more naturally aligned with the spiritual and emotional bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities); while men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physical bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).†3 Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http://www.bodymath.com/articles/archives/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006) Yang is mostly considered more important than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This makes gender roles have typical stereotypes with women always portrayed with weakness and sickness. Chinese women had been confined to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of years. History and tradition have stifled women’s voices. In China, women lived within a society dominated by men, where women were not authorized to involve themselves in the public field and consequently were not integrated in historical descriptions. For example, in the Forbidden City, women were not allowed to walk in some public spaces because those spaces were symbolized as the male’s power and authority. â€Å"No woman ever took part in the grand ceremonies staged before the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.†4 Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes: The Twelve Beauties in Qing Court Art and the â€Å"Dream of the Red Chamber†. Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen Widmer Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. Undertakings by Chinese women highlight the custom of foot binding succeeded from late Song to Ming Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the 20th century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all classes of Chinese women and at a certain point, persuaded women to have bound feet and to dwell in the private sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was directly correlated to Chinese art in modern times. Contemporary Chinese women role The year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three decades and opened China up to the outside world. Western influence started to come into China and brought many new concepts to strike Chinese society. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised rapidly women’s consciousness. â€Å"By the mid-1980s, though, the plethora of newly founded womens magazines explicitly discussed womens problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Womens News were filled with exposà ©s and denunciations of discrimination faced by women. Feminist outcries began to appear with some regularity in print. This recognition of gender inequality also found expression in the emergence of separate womens organizationsschools, professional societies, and womens studies groups.†5 Hershatter, Gail Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980’s. 308. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 1988. Women became aware of their unequal state in society and began to pay attention on female issues. In 1990s, new modern women images emerged. Women focused on individual characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession. The new women were as strong and intellectual as men or better, and they could even afford more of what they desire without anymore having to depend on men and be at a lower statute in society. â€Å"Metropolis ran a special feature on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. One illustration show a confident woman pointing to the screen of her laptop computer while a male colleague with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman†6 â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman† explains that the woman should be intelligent, sharp-witted, well-informed, knowledgeable, well-spoken, and has good taste; she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of women’s equality; she if principled but gentle, with a good sense of humor, and easy to get along with. She is understanding, generous, and sensitive to the feelings to others, but not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a rebel but not confrontational. While she may be attractive to men, her attraction is based on personality, not beauty. Her life is well-balanced; love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999): 102-103 lists her characteristics.†7 Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s. Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002 New modern women were portrayed as beautiful and intellectual individuals. They could stand in the same level in society with men. Contemporary Chinese female artists and works Contemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and convey their feelings and this is done effectively in their image. Basically, there are five important themes involved in their works to describe their voice and thought. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express women’s touch through body and gesture. Body and gesture presentations help artists to voice their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of being women. Cui Xiuwen8 Cui Xiuwen, born in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She graduated with MFA from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwen’s works have consistently engaged themes of sexuality and gender. Her paintings show the blurred boundary between public and private, and the relationship between history and memory. She uses a wide range of media and subject matters to explore the messages she wants to pass, bringing disturbing insights to bear on those issues. , her series works, â€Å"Lovers† (1999), she creates bold and sensitive relationship and intimate activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both heterosexual and homosexual features, and presents a nervous sexual interaction that hints at Paul Cezanne’s colors. In â€Å"Lovers 5† (1999), strong and intense orange color background emphasizes the two human figures in the front when having sex, and also marks the nervous and excited atmosphere between them. While seeing this painting, the feeling is along with two figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. â€Å"†I create themes about gender, not themes about sexuality,† she explains. â€Å"I focus on human beings, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.†Ã¢â‚¬ 9 Ma, Maggie. The Colors of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine: A Chinese Contemporary Art Portal. http://www.artzinechina.com/display_vol_aid168_en.html Yu Hong’s10 Yu Hong, born in Xi’an,China, 1966. 1995 earned MFA from the Central Academy of Fine arts, Beijing, China. Simple and realistic are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hong’s paintings combine highly realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and colorations, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any extraordinary images or ideas. Though paintings often represent a tranquil feeling, they depict the significance of life. Her early work, â€Å"Nude† (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of woman’s body in the Cultural Revolution. She portrays realistically, woman’s naked body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the traditional must-be female image. She depicts naked woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. â€Å"Chinese pictures of the human body, clothes or semi-clothed, (in a furtive pornography [of specifically erotic pictures]), are-to Western eyes-meager, schematic and inadequate†.11 Angela Zito Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, Subject Power in China. Chicago: The university of Chicago Press. There were no naked body images in traditional Chinese pictures, but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represent the true nature and beauty of human form intended   against masculinity of the body and tradition. Another type of presentation, like Hung Liu’s12 Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, 1982 earned her MFA in mural painting from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is interested in looking at how women existed in Chinese history for long time. Her works are touched with the painful reality of women’s status on China. As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to identify herself through looking back the Chinese history and portraying female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late 19th and early 20th century Chinese photographs. Some were taken by foreign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures are of beautiful young prostitutes. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low social class and disdained by people. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, especially for photograph art and portrait paintings. In her work, â€Å"Odalisque† (1992), she creates a monumental altar to an anonymous woman, a turn of the century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu reclaims a place in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. â€Å"To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches wooden altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or tiny embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the lacquer panels and the lifeless glass flowers, the prostitutes are mere decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female virtue.†13 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman contrasts with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewer’s role as outside observers. The painting recalls the western artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, â€Å"Olympia† (1863). She touches a moment that registers the encounter between a past China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. â€Å"â€Å"I don’t want their stories to be forgotten; I don’t want them to disappear without a trace.† 14 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 As she says, she intends to document the anonymous women in history. Hung Liu’s painting combines western aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross-cultural blend that communicates her unique sense of beauty and emotion to the viewer through extraordinarily skillful handing of paint. Second, family and growing background are the significant influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about family or childhood memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, â€Å"Witness to Growth† (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for each year of her life, and portraits for each year of her daughter’s life. The idea and composition of paintings dwell deeply in her concerned questions: What is the social expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a woman’s life. Yu Hong discards an enthusiastic and rational thinking, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and objective manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or magazine spread to complement each image of painting, and makes connection between private and public area of her own life. â€Å"Witness to Growth†(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine years old, Yu Hong’s daughter lying on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her rethink the meaning of gender role and seek the balance between those roles. Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper depicting â€Å"women waiting for job opportunity†. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought extremely competition in working position. Many women lost jobs, and many young girls lost opportunity of education. Society change quickly marked negative effect to female and deprived of their chance. At this time, western feminism came into China; women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female identity. This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and working women. In contrast, one year-old Yu Hong’s daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposition of the weight of contemporary China’s history with the simplicity of life in its purest, most uncomplicated state of being. Here is a relatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost constant political, cultural, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the progression of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting. Cultural Revolution was a significant historical event, especially rooted in people who grew up during this period. Hun Liu’s stunning reproductions of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she faced while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were forbidden during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of nameless women, has been strongly influenced by the losses she and her family suffered. Many of her paintings depict restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Liu’s painting, â€Å"Three Graces† (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary uniforms in heroic poses, shown from below to give the appearance of greater height and stature. These fighters for Mao’s cause carry primitive rifles as they march forward to engage in the revolutionary struggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called â€Å"red guards† or â€Å"Hong Wei Bing†. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teaching of Mao. They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by government’s propaganda. And the Cultural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be â€Å"re-educated† by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes worn by the women in the original photographs with flowers, painted in the traditional Chinese style. The drips of oil paint that enliven the painting’s surface are a part of Western praxis with its reference to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, â€Å"â€Å"The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while dissolving the historical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fading into the gray tones of history.†Ã¢â‚¬ 15 Going Away, Coming Home: 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http://www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdf Through this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experienced a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls’ but also expresses Hung Liu’s feeling of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip. Third, artists look for identifying women’s importance and missing recognition of social status because women in society are always ignored and made to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Liu’s paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and meaning of existence back. Her work, â€Å"We have Been Naught We Shall Be all†(2007), a series of three canvases edged by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the heroic actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Liu’s empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wounded comrade into the river to draw away enemy fire from the Chinese Resistance fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film. She reserves women’s face without any color and intends to keep their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems catching the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the yellow color on three canvases, the background of left painting is coloring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and women’s figures of central canvas, and only little yellow color on right canvas. Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with women’s action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transit between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give those nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society. As Hung Liu’s concept, Yu Hong creates the â€Å"She† series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of â€Å"existence† in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. â€Å"She-security guard†, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting made by her. The photographic image is taken in front of the museum in her leisure time. Security guard wears white shirt with likely smile. In the photo, she raises her hand and poses â€Å"YA†. Contrary to the next, the painting shows her working place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems leading us to take a glance on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and intent to show the importance of security guard in society. Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guard’s life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with singularity; no one can replace her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, â€Å"If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in every detail and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be discovered. †16 â€Å"我å ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã§ ¯â‚¬Ã¥ ¥ Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾, 這æ ¨ £Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å¾Ã¥ ® ¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ », æ… ¢Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¥Å" °Ã© «â€Ã¦Å"Æ'. 我æ ³ ¨Ã©â€¡ Ã§ ´ °Ã§ ¯â‚¬,我å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ ¤  Ã¦â€š  Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ºâ€º, 這æ ¨ £Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦Å" ¬Ã§Å"Ÿç‹€æ…‹æ‰ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã§Å"Ÿæ ­ £Ã¨ ¢ «Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã¨ ¦ ºÃ¢â‚¬ . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http://www.febay.com.cn/magazine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007) Yu Hong represents the reality of space on woman’s personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on woman’s experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be responsible and conscious of women’s social status. Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a cruelly male-dominated world illustrate the image to challenge traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese women’s feet were bound from birth to artificially confine their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, deforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing steps were considered delicate and lovely. Bound feet left women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient. Moreover, it stressed the value of appearance while making a virtue of hiding one’s pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called â€Å"Bonsai† (1992), Hung Liu placed a photograph next to an anatomical line drawing showing the cross-section of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this figural drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of intestinal organs. What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has reinforced the notion of the woman’s incapacitated movement. Woman’s physical movement had been limited by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tree is confined to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period. As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a you think about your grand grandmother or grandmother suffering this pain in order to satisfy men’s taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of women’s status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for women’s gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society. The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as â€Å"Intersection Series† in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a man’s naked body and dressed a young girl holding a rose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezanne’s colors and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girl’s dress and dog on green color. Green color symbolizes the protection from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is represented as girl’s pure virginity which is inviolate. Girl’s face also reveals innocence. On the contrary, man’ genitals are bit off by girl’s dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely fearful and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and big eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchic society and tries to reverse the social position between female and male. In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played being viewed characters; men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwen’s stance on the feminism. She makes up fictional story image to express her own challenging patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a huge stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society. Finally, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. Afterward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and pregnant teen-age girl. Social value shifts to wrong path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to audience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on â€Å"Figure and Ground†. The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastics. Images seem simple, but paintings neatly summarized a sophisticated thread of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artist’s oeuvre. Each painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank ground, bent into contorted positions as they practice gymnastics. Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughter’s gymnastics class. The girls wear black leotards in addition to some combination of tight black pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. â€Å"As the artist has said, the paintings â€Å"are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society.† The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.†17 Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground: Yu Hong’s Gymnastics series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China: Loft. Although the students in Yu Hong’s daughter’s gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childhood to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of society’s expectations. Teenage is a special period, and it is easy to lead a child to wrong path. Cui Xiuwen’s strength and certainty seems to have naturally transformed into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, â€Å"Angel†, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to current social issue related to young age girl. This work does not want to criticize a social and universal situation. It brings up the awareness and the realization of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, ghost like girls, and the same girl repeated over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at various scales, which express the different types of fear they have. Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a procession that goes from the Forbidden City and continues on what can be a highway such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them. â€Å"â€Å"No longer wishing to see the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it†, is the artist’s explanation. Falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do they applaud or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks â€Å"Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?†Ã¢â‚¬ 18 Smith, Karen. Photo series â€Å"Angel† of 2006 and â€Å"One day in 2004†. Catalog of DF2 Gallery. Los Angeles:DF2 Gallery Cui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about the young pregnant girl’s problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds. Conclusion Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups; they all aim to represent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the period, it becomes difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the foreground of the narrative, and personal details become a way of contextualizing the nation’s story. Yu Hong’s method of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hong’s works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to social issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised information age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with frank depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society. But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be â€Å"reeducated†. Hung Liu studied the acceptable artistic style of Socialist Realism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she learned that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also reality of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds. But, female are the most important image and concepts of their commonality of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the narrator (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, women’s lives were generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the women’s lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their â€Å"existence† and â€Å"importance† in our society. History, society, and family have been great influences upon the development of female art in China. Because of the oppression that Chinese women have faced from a patriarchal society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations. Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females â€Å"turning the tables† on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an image of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an oppressive condition through the use of personal expression. The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking account of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, representation of user or popular culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the truth-at least the truth that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition. Chinese female artists have become more motivated to do art not only because of talent, but they convey reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of humanity and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through exploring modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art. In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chinese society. Many daring works aim to recognize female contribution to the family, government, and society which goes largely undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers’ hearts and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. Works of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted. The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be concluded to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditional and unyielding to time. Another difference duly noted between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more depth and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. Years of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfaction with how males see copulation rituals. The outlet of this repression can be observed with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are. The female artist takes her time to craft the intricate details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confine the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes. Those are the themes that provide the overall picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than willing to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to please but a true expression of beauty. Lastly, it can be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they produce. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly essence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality. These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artists’’ sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and skillful handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no gap between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept. In recently decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new concept to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern course of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are expectant that they will reach their ultimate objective; Chinese female artist must have a say. They will continue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more abundant themes.

Les Miserables, Theme (forgiveness, Self Sacrifice, And Courage) :: essays research papers

â€Å"It is precisely of him that I wished to speak. Dispose of me as you please; but help me first to carry him home. I only ask that of you.† Upon examination of Les Miserables, it is clearly evident that the elements of Forgiveness, Self – Sacrifice, and Courage are only a few of the main themes Hugo wanted to develop. First off, is the element of forgiveness. In a book of mistrust, poverty, and hate†¦forgiveness thrives in the world of Les Miserables. The first example of this was at the very beginning, when Jean Valjean stayed with the bishop. Valjean stole his silver†¦and ran off. He ends up being caught by police, but when the police questioned the bishop, he claimed to have given the silver to Valjean. Jean was confused†¦and the bishop claimed that with the silver, he had purchased the convicts soul, and had given it to God, and from that day forward, Valjean must be a good man. Another example of forgiveness goes two ways. Javert, in his relentless pursuit of Valjean, is captured by revolutionaries. In reward for saving the lives of a few of these revolutionaries, Valjean asks for, and gets, permission to take Javert outside, and kill him. Once outside, a small monologue occurs†¦and Valjean releases Javert, and lets him go free. Valjean just wanted to be left alone in peac e, and hoped this act of kindness would change Javert, and make him realize that Valjean was no longer the man he was. The second way†¦is that in the end, after Javert finally captures Valjean, he lets him go. Since Javert had broken the law†¦ that he loved so dearly, he kills himself shortly thereafter, by jumping into a river. Secondly, we come to the element of Self-Sacrifice. This is also another widely used theme in Les Miserables. One such example of this element is with Valjean. He lets Marius and Cosette marry, and for a while, he seems all right with that fact. Later on however, he goes to Marius, and confesses to his past. He tells Marius his whole story, and thinks it best if he never sees Cosette again. Marius agrees†¦but allows Valjean the occasional visit. Only at the end, does Marius realize what a good man Valjean is†¦and by then it was too late. Valjean dies shortly after Marius and Cosette visit him to ask him to come back and live with them. Les Miserables, Theme (forgiveness, Self Sacrifice, And Courage) :: essays research papers â€Å"It is precisely of him that I wished to speak. Dispose of me as you please; but help me first to carry him home. I only ask that of you.† Upon examination of Les Miserables, it is clearly evident that the elements of Forgiveness, Self – Sacrifice, and Courage are only a few of the main themes Hugo wanted to develop. First off, is the element of forgiveness. In a book of mistrust, poverty, and hate†¦forgiveness thrives in the world of Les Miserables. The first example of this was at the very beginning, when Jean Valjean stayed with the bishop. Valjean stole his silver†¦and ran off. He ends up being caught by police, but when the police questioned the bishop, he claimed to have given the silver to Valjean. Jean was confused†¦and the bishop claimed that with the silver, he had purchased the convicts soul, and had given it to God, and from that day forward, Valjean must be a good man. Another example of forgiveness goes two ways. Javert, in his relentless pursuit of Valjean, is captured by revolutionaries. In reward for saving the lives of a few of these revolutionaries, Valjean asks for, and gets, permission to take Javert outside, and kill him. Once outside, a small monologue occurs†¦and Valjean releases Javert, and lets him go free. Valjean just wanted to be left alone in peac e, and hoped this act of kindness would change Javert, and make him realize that Valjean was no longer the man he was. The second way†¦is that in the end, after Javert finally captures Valjean, he lets him go. Since Javert had broken the law†¦ that he loved so dearly, he kills himself shortly thereafter, by jumping into a river. Secondly, we come to the element of Self-Sacrifice. This is also another widely used theme in Les Miserables. One such example of this element is with Valjean. He lets Marius and Cosette marry, and for a while, he seems all right with that fact. Later on however, he goes to Marius, and confesses to his past. He tells Marius his whole story, and thinks it best if he never sees Cosette again. Marius agrees†¦but allows Valjean the occasional visit. Only at the end, does Marius realize what a good man Valjean is†¦and by then it was too late. Valjean dies shortly after Marius and Cosette visit him to ask him to come back and live with them.

A Comparative Study of Phrasal Verbs

In his context two articles from the portion of Opinions of the two newspapers one Pakistani-daily Dawn- and one foreign-Washington Post- are selected Introduction: Learning English language is considered among one of the social and academic compulsory needs. Speakers use language fluently with flexibility receive praises of others. In gaining command over English there are some essential areas like background Information of deferent genres and situations where It Is used, proper understanding of grammatical rules, vocabulary and so on.The proper use of adjectives, verbs, adverbs, stress pattern, intonations and phrasal verbs help one's engage to make it more fluent and flexible, more accurate and conversational. Phrasal verbs make the communication, both verbal and written, interaction based. The fluent speakers of English feel charm in using them. These easy and two-word based verbs cover a bulk of simple as well as difficult vocabulary which requires much time to memories. The new AL learners of English language take pains In learning the difficult words with their meanings.But they can learn and understand the phrasal verbs in less times with much pleasure which make their speech and as well as their peace of writing more affective and ornamented. Before beginning the study we must know the basics of phrasal verbs. Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs are consisted of a verb followed by a particle (for examples: carry out, find out, or pick up). When these particles are separately used, they have literal meanings which signify location or direction (for examples: out, up, down, over, around, off). However, In phrasal verbs they are commonly used with less literal meanings.

How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain

Independence from Spain came suddenly for most of Latin America. Between 1810 and 1825, most of Spains former colonies had declared and won independence and had divided up into republics. Sentiment had been growing in the colonies for some time, dating back to the American Revolution. Although Spanish forces efficiently quashed most early rebellions, the idea of independence had taken root in the minds of the people of Latin America and continued to grow. Napoleons invasion of Spain (1807-1808) provided the spark the rebels needed. Napoleon, seeking to expand his empire, attacked and defeated Spain, and he put his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. This act made for a perfect excuse for secession, and by the time Spain had gotten rid of Joseph in 1813 most of their former colonies had declared themselves independent. Spain fought valiantly to hold on to its rich colonies. Although the independence movements took place at about the same time, the regions were not united, and each area had its own leaders and history. Independence in Mexico Independence in Mexico was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest living and working in the small town of Dolores. He and a small group of conspirators started the rebellion by ringing the church bells on the morning of September 16, 1810. This act became known as the Cry of Dolores. His ragtag army made it partway to the capital before being driven back, and Hidalgo himself was captured and executed in July of 1811. Its leader gone, the Mexican Independence movement almost failed, but the command was assumed by Josà © Marà ­a Morelos, another priest, and a talented field marshal. Morelos won a series of impressive victories against Spanish forces before being captured and executed in December 1815. The rebellion continued, and two new leaders came to prominence: Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria, both of whom commanded large armies in the south and south-central parts of Mexico. The Spanish sent out a young officer, Agustà ­n de Iturbide, at the head of a large army to quash the rebellion once and for all in 1820. Iturbide, however, was distressed over political developments in Spain and switched sides. With the defection of its largest army, Spanish rule in Mexico was essentially over, and Spain formally recognized Mexicos independence on August 24, 1821. Independence in Northern South America The independence struggle in northern Latin America began in 1806 when Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda first attempted to liberate his homeland with British help. This attempt failed, but Miranda returned in 1810 to head up the First Venezuelan Republic with Simà ³n Bolà ­var and others. Bolà ­var fought the Spanish in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia for several years, decisively beating them several times. By 1822, those countries were free, and Bolà ­var set his sights on Peru, the last and mightiest Spanish holdout on the continent. Along with his close friend and subordinate Antonio Josà © de Sucre, Bolà ­var won two important victories in 1824: at Junà ­n, on August 6, and at Ayacucho on December 9. Their forces routed, the Spanish signed a peace agreement shortly after the battle of Ayacucho. Independence in Southern South America Argentina drew up its own government on May 25, 1810, in response to Napoleons capture of Spain, although it would not formally declare independence until 1816. Although Argentine rebel forces fought several small battles with Spanish forces, most of their efforts went towards fighting larger Spanish garrisons in Peru and Bolivia. The fight for Argentine Independence was led by Josà © de San Martà ­n, an Argentine native who had been trained as a military officer in Spain. In 1817, he crossed the Andes into Chile, where Bernardo OHiggins and his rebel army had been fighting the Spanish to a draw since 1810. Joining forces, the Chileans and Argentines soundly defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Maipà º (near Santiago, Chile) on April 5, 1818, effectively ending Spanish control over the southern part of South America. Independence in the Caribbean Although Spain lost all of their colonies on the mainland by 1825, it retained control over Cuba and Puerto Rico. It had already lost control of Hispaniola due to slave uprisings in Haiti. In Cuba, Spanish forces put down several major rebellions, including one which lasted from 1868 to 1878. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes led it. Another major attempt at independence took place in 1895 when ragtag forces including Cuban poet and patriot Josà © Martà ­ were defeated at the Battle of Dos Rà ­os. The revolution was still simmering in 1898 when the United States and Spain fought the Spanish-American War. After the war, Cuba became a US protectorate and was granted independence in 1902. In Puerto Rico, nationalist forces staged occasional uprisings, including a notable one in 1868. None were successful, however, and Puerto Rico did not become independent from Spain until 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War. The island became a protectorate of the United States, and it has been so ever since. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. 1st edition, Harry N. Abrams, September 1, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003. Shumway, Nicolas. The Invention of Argentina. University of California Press, March 18, 1993. Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. .Miguel Hidalgo Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.